For many small-scale enterprises, although the continuous production line of polyurethane flexible foam offers high output, the costs are also very high, and the target market may not require such large quantities. As a result, non-continuous production lines for polyurethane flexible foam have become their preferable choice. The following is an introduction to the non-continuous production line for polyurethane flexible foam:

1. Box Foaming Process Equipment

The box foaming process and equipment have been developed as a new technology to accommodate the needs of small-scale polyurethane foam production facilities. It builds upon laboratory and manual foam production techniques, essentially an upscaled version of laboratory foam methods. This process has gone through three development stages. Initially, all component materials were sequentially weighed and added to a larger container, followed by the addition of TDI. After rapid mixing, the mixture was immediately poured into a large box mold. This method had high labor intensity, emitted high concentrations of toxic gases, and posed significant health risks to operators. Additionally, the splattering of materials during pouring would entrain a large amount of air, leading to the formation of large air bubbles within the foam structure and even causing foam cracking. Furthermore, there was a significant amount of leftover waste, resulting in substantial material waste and high production costs.

Later on, the process incorporated metering pumps to convey materials to a mixing barrel with an automatically opening bottom. After high-speed mixing, the bottom plate of the mixing barrel would open, and compressed air would swiftly expel the material into the mold for foam expansion. However, this approach suffered from uneven foam pore structures due to the rapid material flow, leading to swirling foam structures and quality issues like crescent-shaped cracks. The third stage of process improvement is the box foaming device that is mostly adopted today. Its fundamental foaming principle is illustrated in Picture



(a) Raw Material Metering and Mixing (b) Foaming (c) Foam Rises to Limit Height

1 - Elevatable Material Mixing Barrel; 2 - Assemblable Box Mold; 3 - Floating Box Top Plate; 4 - Foam Body

Picture 1: Schematic Diagram of Box Foaming Principle

The industrial production equipment for box foaming primarily consists of raw material tanks, metering pump units, elevatable mixing barrels, and assemblable wooden box molds. As depicted in the schematic diagram of the box foaming equipment manufactured by Hennecke (Picture 2), the foaming raw materials are stored in tanks and regulated by control devices to attain the required processing temperature range, typically maintained at 23°C ± 3°C. Sequentially, the metering pump injects polyether polyols, catalyst, surfactants, foaming agents, etc., into the mixing barrel for a stirring duration of 30 to 60 minutes. Next, according to the formulation, TDI is introduced, either directly or through an intermediate container with a bottom switch. Immediate mixing follows TDI addition. Depending on the materials and formulation, the stirring speed is usually controlled at 900 to 1000 revolutions per minute (r/min), with a stirring time of 3 to 8 seconds. After stirring, the mixing barrel is swiftly lifted. The lower part of the barrel lacks a bottom and is placed on the mold box's bottom plate upon lowering, utilizing a sealing ring at the barrel's bottom edge to prevent material leakage.

When lifted, the well-mixed slurry can be directly spread and dispersed on the bottom plate of the box mold, allowing natural foam rise. To prevent the formation of a domed surface on the upper part during foaming, an upper mold plate that matches the mold area and allows for upward limit movement is equipped. The mold box primarily comprises rigid wooden panels, with the bottom plate fixed on a movable mold transport carriage. All four side panels are assemblable, featuring quick-opening and closing locking mechanisms. The inner sides of the panels are coated with silicone-based release agents or lined with polyethylene film material to prevent adhesion. After 8 to 10 minutes of forced maturation within the box, the side panels of the mold box are opened, allowing the removal of block-shaped flexible foam. Following an additional 24 hours of maturation, these foam blocks can undergo cutting and other post-processing procedures.





1 - Raw Material Tank; 2 - Metering Pump Unit; 3 - Control Cabinet; 4 - Mixing Barrel with Elevating Device; 5 - Foaming Box; 6 - Foam Finished Product; 7 - Floating Plate

Picture 2: Box Foaming Equipment Manufactured by Hennecke (BFM100/BFM150)

Box foaming process and equipment exhibit characteristics such as simple operation, compact and straightforward equipment structure, low investment, small footprint, and convenient maintenance. These features make it particularly suitable for small enterprises engaged in intermittent production of low-density block foam. However, its drawbacks are also quite evident: lower production efficiency, less favorable production environment, high concentration of emitted toxic gases on-site, necessitating the use of highly effective exhaust and toxic gas purification systems.



To enhance mixing efficiency, some companies have added several vertical and equidistant baffles to the inner walls of the mixing barrel. These baffles, combined with high-speed spiral-type agitators, facilitate high-speed mixing. This approach can to a certain extent reduce laminar flow effects in the mixing liquid and improve mixing efficiency. An example of this is our product, the SAB-BF3302. For the product's appearance and technical specifications, please refer to Picture 3.



Picture 3: Fully Automatic Box Foaming Machine (Sabtech Technology Limited)

This production line comes with both fully automatic computer control and manual control modes. It's suitable for producing flexible polyurethane foam with densities ranging from 10 to 60 kg/cm. Maximum foam output: 180L. Foam height: 1200mm. Mixing power: 7.5kW. Total power: 35kW.

2. Equipment for Open-Cell Foam Preparation

Open-cell polyurethane foam is a functional foam product developed in the 1980s. It possesses a high porosity, a distinct network structure, softness, breathability, and good mechanical strength. It finds wide application as excellent filtration and shock-absorption material in transportation, instrumentation, medical material filtration membranes, and as catalyst carriers in the chemical industry. Filling it into aircraft fuel tanks can suppress oil agitation and reduce the risk of explosions. Impregnating it with ceramic slurry and high-temperature sintering results in a novel open-cell ceramic filter material used in the metallurgical industry.

The preparation of open-cell polyurethane foam involves methods such as steam hydrolysis, alkaline soaking, and explosion. In industrial production, the explosion method is predominantly used. Initially, polyurethane foam of a specific pore size is prepared using the box foaming process. Subsequently, it's placed in dedicated explosion network equipment, filled with explosive gas, and ignited after completely filling the foam body. By utilizing the impact energy and high-temperature heat generated by the explosion parameters, the cell walls of the polyurethane foam are ruptured and fused onto the cell walls, forming a distinct network structure, as shown in Picture 4.



Picture 4: Clearly Networked Open-Cell Foam

Methods like steam hydrolysis or alkaline soaking are used to prepare open-cell foam. However, there are issues of low efficiency, poor quality, and environmental pollution with these methods. They are mainly employed for small-scale production such as laboratory sample testing. Large-scale production primarily uses the explosion method.



ATL Schubs GmbH, a German company, specializes in the research and development of polyurethane reticulated foam and manufactures the ReticulatusTM foam explosion machinery. The explosion chamber of the reticulated foam explosion equipment comes in two forms: cylindrical and rectangular. The former is suitable for cylindrical foam, while the latter is more versatile. It can be used not only for square foam but also for processing reticulated foam from cylindrical foam, as shown in Picture 5. The explosion chamber is constructed from high-quality 100mm-thick steel plates. Operation is controlled by a computer modem, offering features like automatic opening and closing, automatic locking, automatic operation, and automatic alerts. Additionally, remote program design and modification can be facilitated through data transmission sensors.



Picture 5: Polyurethane Foam Reticulation Processing Equipment (ATL Schubs)

During production, foam bodies measuring 3 to 6 meters in length that are intended for reticulation are pushed into the explosion chamber. The chamber's door is closed hydraulically, and the air inside the chamber is evacuated using a vacuum pump. Under computer control, a precise proportion of oxygen and hydrogen gases is introduced, and the gas mixture's ratio is mechanically adjusted based on factors such as foam sample type and network size requirements.

Sensors continuously monitor the process, ensuring that all process parameters are within the specified conditions before controlled detonation is initiated. The explosive force and flame intensity generated by the explosion penetrate through the entire foam body, creating a distinct network structure. After forming, the foam body is cooled, residual materials and waste gases are purged using nitrogen, and the pressure chamber can then be opened to retrieve the reticulated foam. The entire process takes approximately 8 to 10 minutes. The pore diameter of the reticulated foam falls within the range of 10 to 100 pores per inch (ppi) (Note: ppi refers to the number of pores within one inch).

The above provides some insight into the non-continuous production process of polyurethane flexible foam. I hope this information proves helpful to you.

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)

It is an automatic control device with instruction memory, digital or analog I/O interfaces; primarily used for logical, sequential, timing, counting, and arithmetic operations with bit operations; used to control machines or production processes.



Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

A VFD is a control device that transforms power frequency from one frequency to another using the on-off action of power semiconductor devices.

The main circuits of a VFD can generally be divided into two types:

- Voltage type: Converts DC voltage from a voltage source to AC in the VFD, with capacitor filtering in the DC circuit.

- Current type: Converts DC current from a current source to AC in the VFD, with inductor filtering in the DC circuit.



Photoelectric Switch

It utilizes the obstruction or reflection of an infrared light beam by a detected object, detected by the synchronous circuit, to determine the presence or absence of the object. It can detect any object that reflects light, not limited to metals.

A mirror-reflective photoelectric switch is used on the vacuum perforating machine.



Heat Exchanger System

Controls the temperature of raw materials in the system to meet requirements.

As the temperature of the raw material rises after passing through the heat exchanger, its viscosity increases. To ensure the normal operation of the high-pressure pump, a special feeding pump is required. Specific requirements are calculated based on flow rate and raw material viscosity.

The temperature control of the heat exchanger should be near the mixing head, correlating the raw material temperature with the switch of the cooling water to automatically control the flow of cooling water to cool the raw material.



Perforating Machine

There are roller perforating machines, vacuum perforating machines, and brush perforating machines, with roller machines having the best control effect, followed by vacuum perforating machines, and brush perforating machines being the worst. Currently, brush perforating machines are rarely used.

The purpose of perforating is to prevent product deformation.

The roller perforating machine controls the size of the gaps. If the gaps are too large, the perforating effect is not good; if the gaps are too small, there will be obvious pressure marks on the product.

There are two methods of perforating: 1. Chemical method - using perforating agents, 2. Mechanical method - using perforating machines.

Products must be perforated as soon as they come out of the mold. Some products may expand after being demolded, and at this time, they should be left for a period before perforating.



TPR

It can prevent product shrinkage and collapse of bubbles; its most basic function is effective perforating to facilitate demolding. However, it can also lead to fluctuations in ILD (Indentation Load Deflection); TPR directly affects the rise speed of the foam.



Loop Pressure Regulating Valve

It is crucial for balancing system pressure in the control system and should be placed as close to the nozzle as possible. If it is far from the nozzle, pressure fluctuations may occur, leading to system instability and unstable products.

Beginners are concerned that if the settling plate is not adjusted properly, the liquid flowing out of the nozzle may cause front surging or back surging, affecting the foaming process. Within two minutes after starting the machine, the reaction speed gradually increases, sometimes requiring adjustments to the settling plate. Adjustments to the settling plate are more critical in low-density and high-moisture-content (MC) formulas.



TDI (Toluene Diisocyanate) flow rate can be calculated to correspond to the scale value, but it is recommended to actually measure the TDI flow rate during the first foaming. Flow rate is too important; if the flow rate is not accurate, everything else will be a mess. It's best to rely on the simplest and most intuitive method of measuring the flow rate.



When mixing powders, the mixed stone powder should be left overnight and production should start the next day. For ingredients containing melamine and stone powder, it is recommended to first mix melamine with polyether for a period of time before adding the stone powder.



Foam machine formulas with long mixing chamber in the machine head or more teeth on the stirring shaft usually have less amine and lower material temperature. Conversely, foam machine formulas with short mixing chamber in the machine head or fewer teeth on the stirring shaft usually have more amine and higher material temperature.



For the same formula, when switching between dual-spray swivel heads and single-spray swivel heads with similar nozzle cross-sectional areas, the requirements for mesh thickness and layers are similar.



For the calibration of minor material flow, one method is to measure the return flow of the minor material, and the other is to calibrate it by dividing the total amount used by the foaming time. When there is a significant difference between the two calibration methods, rely on the data from the second calibration method.



Formulas for high-quality soft foam are usually within an unstable range, such as a low TDI index, low water-to-MC ratio, low T-9 dosage, and low silicone oil dosage.

The production of block-shaped soft foam typically utilizes the batch foam machine foaming process, a gap-type production method. This method evolved from manual foaming in laboratories. The process involves immediately pouring the mixed reaction materials into an open mold resembling a wooden or metal box, hence the name "boxed foam." The molds (boxes) for boxed foam can be rectangular or cylindrical. To prevent the foam block from forming a domed top, a floating cover plate can be placed on the top of the foam during foaming. The cover plate stays closely attached to the top of the foam and gradually moves upward as the foam rises.



The main equipment for boxed foam production includes: 1) Electric-mechanical stirrer, mixing barrel; 2) Mold box; 3) Weighing tools such as scales, platform scales, measuring cups, glass syringes, and other measuring devices; 4) Stopwatch for controlling mixing time. A small amount of mold release agent is applied to the inner walls of the box to facilitate easy removal of the foam.



The advantages of producing soft foam using the boxed foam method include: low equipment investment, small footprint, simple equipment structure, easy and convenient operation and maintenance, and flexible production. Some small and underfunded domestic and township enterprises use this method to produce polyurethane soft foam. Boxed foam molding is a non-continuous production method for soft foam, so the production efficiency is lower than continuous methods, and the equipment is mostly manually operated, resulting in higher labor intensity. Production capacity is limited, and there is a greater loss in cutting foam plastics. The process parameters for boxed foam should be controlled within a certain range because even with the same formula, the foam properties may not be the same when different process parameters are used. The raw material temperature should be controlled at (25±3) degrees Celsius, mixing speed at 900 to 1000r/min, and mixing time at 5 to 12 seconds. The mixing time of the polyether and additives mixture before adding TDI can be flexibly adjusted depending on the situation, and after adding TDI, a mixing time of 3 to 5 seconds is sufficient, with the key being thorough mixing after TDI addition.



During boxed foam molding, attention should be paid to the following aspects:

1) Prepare before production, including material temperature and machine equipment inspection;

2) Measure as accurately as possible;

3) Control the mixing time appropriately;

4) Pour the mixed material liquid quickly and steadily, avoiding excessive force;

5) Ensure the box is placed steadily, with the bottom paper flat, to avoid uneven material flow during pouring;

6) When the foam rises, gently press the cover to ensure the foam rises smoothly;

7) Additives should be used as specified, and pre-mixed materials should not be left for too long.



Three types of foam equipment have emerged in boxed foam molding. Initially, various raw materials were weighed into a container according to the formula, mixed with a high-speed mixer, and poured into the box mold for foaming and shaping. This method often resulted in residue in the mixing container. An improved method used a metering pump to transport the raw materials to the mixing barrel for uniform mixing. A mechanical device automatically closed the bottom of the barrel, and compressed air was used to press the material into the foaming box for shaping. Both of these methods could create eddies due to the rapid influx of materials into the box, which might cause defects or depressions in the foam products. The most reasonable boxed foam device is to place a bottomless mixing barrel directly in the center of the foaming box. A metering pump delivers the various raw materials needed for foaming into the mixing barrel. After mixing for a few seconds, the lifting device raises the mixing barrel out of the foaming box, allowing the foaming material to flow smoothly over the entire box bottom. This prevents foam cracking due to material eddies, and ensures relatively uniform height throughout the foam.



A pressure device can be added to the expanding foam material to produce flat-topped foam, reducing waste during cutting. This device is suitable for the production of polyether-type polyurethane soft foam and high rebound soft block foam. For polyvinyl acetate polyurethane blocks, this method cannot be used due to the high viscosity of the material, and continuous methods are generally employed.

Surfactants used for foam stabilization, also known as foam stabilizers, are a crucial additive in the production of polyurethane foam plastics. When selecting surfactants, what factors should be considered?



Surfactants can be divided into two types: soft foam surfactants and hard foam surfactants. Let's examine each:



Soft Foam Surfactants:

During the initial foaming stage, soft foam surfactants can dissolve to form polyurea, and in the later stages, they can assist in cell opening and bursting. Therefore, when selecting soft foam surfactants, the following factors need to be considered:



1. The activity of the surfactant;

2. The relationship between the operating range of the surfactant and the required dosage range;

3. The impact of the various components of the surfactant on the operating range.



Hard Foam Surfactants:

Hard foam surfactants have a higher degree of cross-linking, making bubbles more stable. They are commonly used for molded products or foaming in restricted cavities. When selecting hard foam surfactants, the following factors need to be considered:



1. Strong emulsification capability of the raw material components;

2. Ability to control the size of the foam cells effectively;

3. Ability to improve material flowability and ensure uniform density distribution.



Surfactants not only play a role in foam stabilization but also affect foam density, elasticity, tensile strength, and other properties. Therefore, when choosing surfactants, factors such as the activity of the raw materials, operating conditions, and foaming process need to be considered.